Don't Quit
When things go wrong as they sometimes will;
When the road you're trudging seems all uphill;
When the funds are low, and the debts are high;
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh;
When care is pressing you down a bit
Rest if you must, but don't you quit.

Success is failure turned inside out;
The silver tint of the clouds of doubt;
And you can never tell how close you are;
It may be near when it seems afar.
So, stick to the fight when you're hardest hit
It's when things go wrong that you mustn't quit.

My will shall shape the future. Whether I fail or succeed shall be no man's doing but my own. I am the force; I can clear any obstacle before me or I can be lost in the maze. My choice; my responsibility; win or lose, only I hold the key to my destiny – Elaine Maxwell

Friday, January 29, 2010

Catalytic reactions

The followings are all catalytic reactions in the Chemistry syllabus :

1- To make H2 gas in a small amount in the laboratory :
Zn + H2SO4 => ZnSO4 + H2, catalysts = Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4

2- Haber process = Manufacture ammonia, NH3 :
N2 + 3H2 => 2NH3, catalyst = Iron, Fe

3- Contact process = Manufacture sulphuric acid, H2SO4 :
SO2 + O2 => SO3, catalyst = Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5

4- Ostwald process = Manufacture nitric acid, HNO3 :
4NH3 + 5O2 => 4NO + 6H2O, catalyst = Platinum, Pt

5- Decomposition of hydogen peroxide :
2H2O2 => 2H2O + O2, catalyst = Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2

Catalytic reactions of carbon compounds :

6- Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes :
C2H4 + H2 => C2H6, catalyst = Nickel, Ni or Pt

7- Hydration of alkenes :
C2H4 + H2O => C2H5OH, catalyst = Phosphoric(V) acid, H3PO4

8- Fermentation = To produce ethanol :
C6H12O6 => 2C2H5OH + 2CO2, catalysts = Zymase from yeast
(Glucose)

9- Dehydration of ethanol :
C2H5OH => C2H4 + H2O
Catalyst = Unglazed porcelian chips, porous pot, pumice stone or Al2O3

10- Esterification reaction = To make esters :
Carboxylic acid + alcohol => ester, catalysts = Concentrated H2SO4

11- Conversion of unsaturated fats into saturated fats = Catalytic hydrogenation, catalyst = Ni

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